「語法難點小課堂」之介詞+which定語從句

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「語法難點小課堂」之介詞+which定語從句

來源:佚名 釋出時間:2022-09-27 21:51

無論在託福閱讀文章的過程中,或是在SAT文法做題時,很多同學都會對”in which…, at which…”這類定語從句的分析和理解提出問題。今天我們就通過幾個從託福和SAT文法原文中提取的句子,快速幫助同學們熟悉這類定語從句。

1.1 為什麼需要了解定語從句(Adjective Clause)

定語從句是學習英語時最重要的語法點之一,定語從句的掌握影響大多數託福長難句的正確分析和理解,影響託福寫作中句式的複雜性和多樣性,同時也影響後續SAT文法學習中最常考的一類題目——句子結構和標點的正確率。

以SAT文法文章中的句子為例,當表達較為簡單的意思時,如一些人傾向於買有機食品,這裡我們只需要用一個形容詞修飾食品就可以了,句子可以寫成:

Some people buy organic food.

但是當我們想表達更復雜的資訊時,如另外一些人則傾向於食用傳統的由殺蟲劑和化肥生產出的食品,顯然一個形容詞已經不能滿足句子的表達需求了,這個時候我們就需要用到定語從句,即用一句話來修飾名詞,

Others are prone to conventionally grown food, which are usually produced with pesticides and synthetic fertilizers.

透過例句,我們可以看到,此處的定語從句修飾conventionally grown food, 且修飾的這個名詞片語在定語從句中充當主語成分,這使得定語從句形成了一個有著完整主謂結構的句子。

劃重點:定語從句的作用是用一個有完整主謂結構的句子修飾名詞,以此實現更加複雜的資訊表達。

1.2為什麼定語從句關係詞which前需要加介詞(in, on, of, at, from, by, with, for…)

前文說過,定語從句是一個有完整主謂結構的句子,修飾的名詞要在定語從句中充當一定成分。而我們最熟悉的定語從句形式,是定語從句修飾的名詞,在從句中充當主語。如:

Emerging diseases are also the result of human activity in the modern world, which brings more people into contact with more diseases.

例句中的定語從句修飾human activity, human activity在定語從句中作主語,代入定語從句中,從句可以完整地寫為human activity brings more people into contact with more diseases.

但是,我們再來看看介詞+which這類定語從句的結構:

Studies have shown that employees are happier, healthier, and more productive when they work in an environmentin which temperatures are carefully controlled.

例句中,定語從句修飾的是名詞environment,但是我們卻無法把environment這個名詞直接代入從句中,因為即使沒有environment,定語從句也已經是一個主謂完整的句子了:temperatures are carefully controlled。

所以我們可以這樣理解介詞+which這類定語從句:

當定語從句內部已經是一個主謂賓完整的句子時,定從修飾的名詞無法直接代入從句中充當成分,所以透過加入一個介詞,使修飾的名詞能夠以合理正確的語法形式代入定語從句中。

因此,例句中environment前加入in之後,我們把定語從句的語序稍作調整,可以完整的寫成temperatures are carefully controlled in the environment.

我們再來練習分析幾個託福和SAT中的句子:

1) Each furnished room consists of three walls; the fourth wall is a glass panethrough which museumgoers observe.

- the fourth wall is a glass pane.

museumgoers observe through the glass pane.

2) Besides beginning the age, Superman in many respects defined it, becoming the modelon which many later superheroes were based.

- Superman becomes the model.

many later superheroes were based on the model.

3) Newspaper readers also felt themselves part of the public life about which they were reading.

- Newspaper readers also felt themselves part of the public life.

they were reading aboutthe public life.

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